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| Horny Little Devil Both the stag and the bull play strong rolls in pre-Celtic and Celtic imagery, so it is natural to see a major male god depicted with horns. Interestingly enough sites in Hertfordshire, Welwyn and Barton are among the ones who have located artifacts which depict horned animals with knobs or balls at the tips of them. The horns are integrated even in typically horn-less animals; for example a snake with ram's horns usually accompanies the stag god One of the names for this god is Cernunnos. |
| Animals and their Religious Attributes horned god: virility, wealth, prosperity ram-headed serpent: war god, healing ram: war, warriors, fertility raven: prophecy, war, fertility generic birds: mother goddesses, messengers horse: female fertility, maternity swan: sun gods aquatic birds: sacred hot springs and other religious water sites goose: ill-omen eagle: sun gods, kingship crane: transformed humans; mean women cow: magic boar: warfare, magic dog, wolf: companion bear: protection, admirable traits hare: hunting, success, fish: knowledge from the "other side" |
| Common combinations of animals with religious significance: ram-horned snake triple-horned bull stag-horned man |
| Types of wild animals with religious significance: bears boars cranes crows ducks eagles geese hares ravens snakes stags swans toads/frogs |
| Golowan - The Cornish St John's Feast Celebrated at Midsummer, this festival features some key pre-Christian characters including Penglaz, a fertility horse decorated in a wreath and ribbons, a festival of fire, a serpent dance, a traditional fair with a mock Mayor, and recognition of the sea. Penglaz is usually represented with a horse skull (as you can see from the picture on the left). |
| Types of domestic animals with religious significance: bulls dogs horses |

| Swearing on the Horns The photo is from Highgate in 1906. At one time there were about 20 public houses (bars) in this part of London which made strangers hold a pair of antler horns and swear to basically have fun. Although this custom has largely died out, a pub called The Wrestlers still performs the ceremony twice a year. There are other events around London which link to celebrating the Stag-horned god. |


| The Horn Fair, London The current one is a revival of the one which continued until authorities stopped it in 1876. Although gaining popularity, the original had people frolicking in a frenzy wearing play antlers. To gain additional perspective on how far back this tradition went, there is a place in nearby Greenwich names Herne Hill and where St Paul's Cathedral now stands was a temple dedicated to Diana (Roman Goddess of the Hunt). |
| Worship of the Stag Horned God into the Renaissance I've got one word for you...Shakespeare The Legend of Herne There is an old tale goes that Herne the Hunter, Sometime a keeper here in Windsor Forest, Doth all the winter-time, at still midnight, Walk round about an oak, with great ragg'd horns; And there he blasts the tree, and takes the cattle, And makes milch-kine yield blood, and shakes a chain In a most hideous and dreadful manner. You have heard of such a spirit, and well you know The superstitious idle-headed eld Receiv'd, and did deliver to our age, This tale of Herne the Hunter for a truth. "The Merry Wives of Windsor", Act 4, Scene 4, William Shakespeare n.b. Herne the Hunter is connected with the stag imagery/Cernunos AND Green Man imagery |
| Cernunnos |